PMC

Schematic illustration of the actuation mechanism of the micropump. (a) The actuated membrane is activated by an active check valve to generate forward flow. (b) The active check valve is blocked by the bottom-protruding structure to prevent backflow. Red arrows indicate air flow in/out.

Check the lumen is patent (not blocked) by flushing through with clean hot water.

Phosphorylation of ERK1/2 by TNF-α is blocked by 5 µm of PD98059. HT-29 cells were treated with 10 ng/ml of TNF-α and 5 µm of PD98059 or DMSO for 15 min. Then, protein was extracted and phosphorylated ERK1/2 was detected by Western blot using antiactive ERK antibody. To check the amount of total ERK1/2, anti-ERK1/2 antibody was used.

PD-1 check point blockade in the treatment of melanomas. (A) Under normal conditions ligation of PD-1 with PDL-1, PDL-2 provides a negative stimulatory signal to T cells, thus, even in the presence of TCR recognition of peptide/MHC complex, T cells are rendered inactive to kill tumor cells. The negative regulatory signaling provided by PD-1 PD-L engagement can be easily blocked by mAbs directed against check point molecules. (B) PDL-1 or (C) PD-1, promoting the functionality of T cell and tumor eradication.